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Assignment Task:

The research context A huge amount of research is produced each year, often with conflicting findings. These between-study differences may be due to study differences, flaws or chance (sampling variation). In such situations, it is not always clear what the overall picture is, or which results are most reliable and should be used as the basis for practice and policy decisions.  
 
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Systematic reviews aim to address these problems by identifying, critically evaluating and integrating the findings of all relevant, high-quality individual studies addressing one or more research questions. A good systematic review might achieve most or all of the following (Baumeister & Leary, 1997; Bem, 1995; Cooper, 2003):  

  • Establish to what extent existing research has progressed towards clarifying a particular problem;
  • Identify relations, contradictions, gaps, and inconsistencies in the literature, and explore reasons for these (e.g. by proposing a new conceptualisation or theory which accounts for the inconsistency);  
  • Formulate general statements or an overarching conceptualization (make a point, rather than summarizing all the points everyone else has made; Sternberg, 1991);
  • Comment on, evaluate, extend, or develop theory;  
  • In doing these things, provide implications for practice and policy;
  • Describe directions for future research. 

 
A systematic review is therefore a piece of research in its own right and, by its nature, is able to address much broader questions than single empirical studies ever can (e.g. uncovering connections among many empirical findings; Baumeister & Leary, 1997). Indeed, systematic reviews sit above all other research designs at the top of the ‘hierarchy of evidence’ because they have the potential to provide the most important practical implications. 
 
Systematic reviews are characterised by being objective, systematic, transparent and replicable. They involve a systematic search process to locate studies which address a particular research question, as well as a systematic presentation and synthesis of the characteristics and findings of the results of this search. The criteria for inclusion and exclusion in the review are objective, explicitly stated and consistently implemented such that the decision to include or exclude particular studies is clear to readers and another researcher using the same criteria would likely make the same decision. This explicit approach aims to minimise bias and allows readers of the review to assess the author’s assumptions, procedures, evidence and conclusions, rather than taking the author’s conclusions on faith. This methodology also allows other researchers to update the review at a later time in order to integrate new findings. To best-achieve the purposes of a systematic review, Baumeister (2013) recommends adopting the mindset of a judge and jury, rather than a lawyer. A judge and jury sceptically evaluate the evidence in order to render the fairest judgment possible. In contrast, a lawyer’s approach to the evidence involves trying to make the best case for one side of the argument. 
 
Systematic review definition: ‘A review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review. Statistical methods (meta-analysis) may or may not be used to analyze and summarise the results of the included studies’ (Cochrane Collaboration, 2014).  
 

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