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Assignment Task:

Task:

Please assimgent based on the METHOD AND RESULTS THAT ARE PROVIDED ALREADY TO US therefore you have to write the abstract, introduction, discussion and refecerences.

  • Please refer to checklist, marking creita provided and 2 soruces provided.
  • Abstract (You write based on the methods and results)
  • Introduction (You write based on the methods and results)
  • METHOD
  • Subjects.
  • Sixteen Australian English-speaking and 16 Chinese Mandarin-speaking adults (age range = 18-35 years) participated in this study. None of the English speakers had knowledge of Mandarin or tone language. Participants were recruited online. Some received course credits for participation while others participated voluntarily. All participants reported normal hearing abilities. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of Western Sydney University (H11383). Informed consents were obtained prior to the experiment. Considering the cross-culture design of the study, though not medical research, the project complied with the ethical standards of the Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.
  • Stimuli.
  • Stimuli were recorded by a native male Mandarin speaker. The stimuli consist of 12 CV, CVV, and CVVC syllables (C = consonant, V = vowel, /tou/, /bou/, /?ye/, /pye/, /pian/, /fian/, /jy/, /ty/, /bi/, /gi/, /gua/, /lua/) produced over two Mandarin tones (T2, T3) at various lengths (500 ms, 1000 ms, 1500 ms, and 2000 ms). The final stimulus set consists of 24 different stimuli: 2 tones (T2, T3) x 3 numbers of syllables (1, 2, 4) x 4 length sets (500 ms, 1000ms, 1500 ms, and 2000 ms). All stimuli had legal phonotactic structures and were not meaningful words. To create acoustic variability, the speaker produced no less than five speech tokes per stimulus, from which the most representative and comparable ones were included into the experimental design. An acoustic analysis of the pitch patterns and additional acoustic parameters of the stimuli was conducted using the software PRAAT (Boersma & Van Heuven, 2011). All stimuli were normalized in intensity (70 dB) and duration (500 ms). To control for the experimental duration, half of the stimuli (N = 12) were presented in each experiment.
  • Procedure.
  • Both English and Mandarin speakers performed an AXB discrimination task. The experiment was programmed in Labvanced. The experiment was run online at a quiet place (self-reported by the participants). Participants were instructed to wear headphones.
  • To familiarize the participants with the AXB discrimination task, two practice trials were included. Participants were asked to indicate via keypress on their keyboard whether the second syllable was more similar to the first (via key 1), or the third syllable (via key 3). They were asked to respond as accurately and quickly as possible.
  • The test phase followed immediately after the practice phase. In each trial, the A and B sound consists of a different tone category but had the same number of syllables and same duration. The X sound was then part of a different tone category, but also had the same syllable and same duration as the A and B sounds. To counterbalance the order of presentation, we included four different types of order: AAB, ABB, BAA, and BBA. The interstimulus interval was set to 1000 ms and the intertrial interval was set to 3000 ms. The time-out of the response time was set to 2500 ms, measured at the end of the third syllable. The next trial started immediately following. Incorrect trials or responses after the time-out were not repeated. The presentation of the trials was randomized across participants. After 25%, 50% and 75% of the experimental trials an automated pause was included.
  • RESULTS
  • A one-predictor logistic model was fitted to the data to test the research hypothesis regarding the relationship between the likelihood of participants’ perceptual acuity to lexical tones and their language background. Data are entered into the analysis as 0 (incorrect) or 1 (correct) coding for the dichotomous outcome for each trial, and 0 (Chinese Mandarin) or 1 (Australian English) for language background as the categorical predictor. The logistic regression analysis was carried out by SPSS (version 24). The result showed that:
  • Predicted logit of accuracy = 0.379 + (?0.421) * language background.
  • According to the model, the odds of participants’ perceptual acuity to lexical tones was negatively related to language backgrounds (p = .041). In other words, Australian English speakers were less accurate in perceiving the tone contrasts as they were coded to be 1 and Chinese Mandarin speakers 0. The odds of an Australian English speaker correctly perceiving the tone contrasts were around two-thirds (e? = 0.656) of the odds for a Chinese Mandarin speaker. This statement is also confirmed by one-sample t-tests (test value = 0.5) within each language background revealed that Australian English speakers’ performance did not differ from chance (t = -0.288, df = 191, p = .774) whereas Chinese Mandarin speakers’ performance was significantly above chance (t = 2.638, df = 191, p = .009). The mean accuracy percentage between the two language groups were depicted in Figure 1.
  • Figure 1.
  • The proportion of correct responses between Australian English and Chinese Mandarin listeners. Performance at 0.5 indicates a chance level. Error bars represent one standard error of accurate performance observed between subjects.

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