Country : India
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INTRODUCTION
Burma or Myanmar, also officially known as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and it is the largest country in Southeast Asia in terms of area. However, despite being a large country, the economic growth is poor. The country covers a vast area of 677,000 square kilometers, makes it almost twice the size of Germany. The country bordered by China to the north and northeast, Laos to the east, Thailand to the southeast, the Andaman Sea, and the Bay of Bengal is well-thought-out to be located in the south and southwest, Bangladesh on the west, and India to the northwest.
Buddhism is the most prominent religion, constitutes 89.2% of the population, followed by Christianity (5.0%), Islam (3.8%), and Hinduism (0.5%). The government officially recognizes 135 different ethnicities. The largest group representing about 68% of the population is the Barman people, who speak the official Burmese language. The other main groups are Shan (9 percent) and Karen (7 percent) groups, and Mon, Rakhine, Chin, Kachin, Karenni, Kayan, Chinese, Indian, Danu, Akha, Kokang, Lahu, Naga, Palaung, Pao, Rohyinga, Tavoyan, and Wa peoples each constitute 5 percent or less of the population. 
The Shan language is spoken approximately by 3.2 million people and Karen by 2.6 million and Kachin around 900,000 Kachin and Mon ethnicities by 750,000 respectively.
The country was known as a pariah state as it was underneath the regulation of military junta since the 1960s, and gradual liberalization took place in 2010, which directed free elections in the year 2015 through the installation of government. In 2021 a coup d'état in Myanmar began when the democratically elected members deposed through Tatmadaw, the Myanmar military, and this vested power provided a stratocratic form of government.
This paper enumerates the factors regarding the Rohingya Refugee Crisis and deals with its history and the causes behind it. Furthermore, it establishes and analyzes how the other countries helped in assisting with this and move on to provide solutions for resolving the issue. In conclusion, it summarizes the points that have been established and discussed in the paper. 

RAKHINE
Rakhine lies in the coastal region of western Myanmar, bordering Bangladesh in the north and India to the south. The state population of Rakhine is estimated to be 3.22 million(MIMU), and it is one of the poorest regions in the country. Rakhine is the largest group in Rakhine State. The river Naf separates Rakhine from Chittagong of Bangladesh. It is home to other smaller groups such as Chin, Mro, Khami, Thet, Dainet, Maramagyi, Kaman, as well as Chinese, Indian and Bangladeshi descendants who describe themselves as Rohingyas. The majority of the state are followers of Buddhism, and the minority are followers of Islam. The Rakhine has two distinct Muslim groups, the Kamen, who speak Burmese, and the Rohingyas, concentrated in the northern Rakhine, who speak Rohingya similar to the dialect of the Chittagonian of Bangladesh. The province happened to be an independent kingdom historically and located between Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Rakhine used to be known as the Arakan Kingdom, and it was one of the most primitive regions in Southeast Asia as it helped develop the Dharmic religions through Buddhism and Hinduism. Islam arrived at a later stage with the Arab merchants in the eighth century, and the Kingdom of Mrauk U developed as a self-governing Arakanese realm for three hundred years (Ramli, Awang, and Ab Rahman 2020). At a later stage after the conquest, the Arakan turned out to be one of the disunions in British India through the British East India Company. They acknowledged colonizers from certain adjoining Chittagong Division along with Bengal Presidency. This made the division of British Burma in 1937 from the Empire of India as it was a part of the British run-state in India. After the Second World War, the province was considered to be engaged through majestic and imposing Japan and the Allied Forces had enlightened Arakan during the Burma Campaign. This sustained to be an organizational division which was subsequent after the Burmese independence, and consequently, it became a province. Since the eighth century, the Arab merchants commenced certain specific proselytizer activities in southeast Asia and this speculated the Muslims use trade routes in the area to travel to India and China. Therefore, a southern branch of the silk road helped connecting India, Burma, and China since the Neolithic period. 

ROHINGYAS
Rohingya is said to be derived from the Arabic word, Rahm which means Mercy. Over time the word Rahm started to be called Rhohang and eventually to Rohingya. Some historians state that Rohingya used to describe the Ruha people who migrated from Afghan. The Arakan professedly a Buddhist state, it is believed that Islam reached Arakan in the 8th century when several Arab ships wrecked off the coast of Ramree island and the Muslim sailors were taken and, the king allotted a piece of land to settle. These people have retained their religion, language, and customs for more than 1000 years. Eventually, these Arab traders started to come in and trade with Arakan. This way, the Arakan kingdom started to occupy with Muslim population. Another phase where the influx of Muslims from Bengal started to move to Arakan happened in the 17th century. Under the rule of the Mughal emperor, political upheaval in India, between Aurangzeb and Shah Shuja, sons of Shah Jahan, made Shah Shuja to sought asylum in Arakan along with his entourage. The entourage of shah Shuja settled along with the earlier arrived Muslim community. In 1760, Chittagong was ceded by British East India and a few years later the first Anglo- Burmese war started in 1825, where the English occupied Arakan and made Akyab the capital. The Britishers predicted the region has wealthy fertile lands, so they started to encourage agriculture and started to send people from both the Hindus and Muslim communities of Chittagong. These are the stages where the Muslim population started to grow in Arakan. So the Rohingyas are not originated from a single race but the mixed diversity of other ethnic groups. During colonial rule, the Muslims in Arakan were positioned as ministers and judges. They were promised to give an autonomous state by the British, but couldn’t fulfill, and the state of Rohingya was left in limbo. And there was hatred started during the colonial period between the Buddhists and Rohingyas as the Buddhists were allied to japan were Rohingyas to British. In the years between the post-colonial Myanmar and before the uprising of the military coup, the Rohingyas were recognized as citizens and given the right to vote and full participation in politics. In the 1950s, Rohingya legislators elected to parliamentary and, in the 1960s, they were given the right to vote in the country election. The government of Myanmar regarded Rohingya as colonial and post-colonial migrants as they came from neighboring countries. Therefore the conflict characterized violence, led to the military crackdown. Rohingya conflated their history with that of the Arakan kingdom to advance to a separatist agenda.
Insurgencies continuing in Myanmar since the year 1948 as they gained independence from the United Kingdom, and this conflict is measured to be existing based on ethnic-based armed groups. Before Burma gained independence, several anti-colonial groups protested against the British rule in the country. However, after World War II Aung San, negotiated with other ethnic leaders in the Shan State. An agreement named Panglong Agreement had been reached between them where they guaranteed the right to self-determination through political representation in the post-independence government. After the Coup d'état in 1962, the military dictatorship came under the Burma Socialist Program Party, and most of the years spent on the country getting engrossed in rampant ethnic strife. It was after the 1962 junta, the Rohingyas were denied citizenship, freedom of movement, education, and owning of property. In 1978, the military regime came up with a new way to register and verify the status of citizens called OPERATION DRAGON KING, denied Rohingyas to verify as they considered them as outsiders, in turn, led 200,000 Rohingyas to flee to Bangladesh (HRW). The Rohingyas started fleeing from Myanmar after the 1970s due to the brutal crackdowns that started taking place as the military began its campaign. The Citizenship Act of 1982 denied citizenship to the Rohingyas. Unless proof that his/her ancestors remained before 1983 and refused education, employment, freedom of movement, and confiscation of property. The violence sparked again in 2012 when a Buddhist woman was raped by Muslim men, tension was aroused between the Buddhists and the Rohingya, houses were looted, people were killed and some started to flee. In addition, the 2014 census excluded them. The outbreak in the year 2017 started subsequently, after a militant group Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, formerly known as Harakah al-Yaqin, took responsibility for the attacks on police posts. Later led to a communal clash between the Muslims and the Buddhists. 354 Villages were affected, while118 villages were destroyed. The Myanmar military has carried out large-scale massacres, women and girls have been raped and abused (HRW, 2017). In addition to this, a campaign started that focused on the brutal crackdowns in Rohingya villages that forced the Rohingya populace to flee Myanmar well-thought-out to lead to one of the most catastrophically fast refugee exoduses, created the world’s largest refugee camp. Massive flight by the Rohingya Muslims from the Rakhine State created a humanitarian catastrophe.


REFUGEES IN BANGLADESH
The Rohingyas started fleeing from Myanmar after the 1970s due to the brutal crackdowns that started taking place as the military began its campaign. As per the UN Refugee Agency, more than 700,000 Rohingya approximately had fled to Bangladesh in the year 2017. Currently, the refugees flooded into the Cox’s Bazar District as they were joined by 200,000 Rohingya approximately who were predecessors. However, through the evaluation and assessment, it can be stated that approximately 880,000 stateless Rohingya refugees ( Source- UN ) are considered to live in the world’s over-populated and largest refugee camp. As per further investigation, it can be noted that under the radar the refugees work in the fishing industry or they earn tiny daily income through certain other jobs as laborers. They also earn money through shattering ice blocks which helps them preserve the catch in the searing heat, and some others engage themselves in illegal as well as seasonal gainful employment. Identification of the refugees is considered to be through the surveys that are conducted by several human rights groups which helps them wind up in makeshift camps as the refugees cannot work legally. Nevertheless, the UN along with its partners considered launching Joint Response Plan for the Rohingya Humanitarian Crisis, and continue to deliver certain assistance through funds and through protecting the camps in which the refugees live by providing them with necessities such as food, lodging along with sanitation and water and health care facilities, education camp and built concrete homes to refugees in the Bhasan Char island of Bangladesh. The Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh are supposed to be referred to as Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals and they experience the ethnic and religious persecution. They are registered in refugee camps and they settled mostly in the Cox’s Bazar region where they are at a risk of mental health issues due to the history of systematic dehumanization along with persecution as they have witnessed certain traumatic events by remaining in refugee settlements.

REFUGEES IN MALAYSIA
Rohingyas started to flee to Malaysia since 1970s. Malaysia is currently hosting more than 150,000 UNHCR registered Rohingyas approximately. The refugees in Malaysia are mostly located in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding states of Selangor as well as Pulau Pinang and Johor. The Rohingya Refugees in Malaysia have been offered relative safety as well as stability and Malaysia offers better healthcare as well as education services. It also provides with abundance employment opportunities. However, the refugees are provided limited legal protection as they are known as illegal migrants under the law of Malaysia. The Malaysian government is considered to restrict the environment through the governmental organizations and the NGOs are considered to support the refugees. The Refugees work in key migrant industries however, the pandemic has resulted in widespread job loss which made them incapable of affording basic goods
SANCTIONS
The UK and the US provided and imposed sanctions for the crisis as they tried to condemn the coups which caused violence. They imposed sanctions on military and they tried to come up with policies which concerned the national affairs. The sanctions imposed by the UN are not being effective to an extent as the violence and tension prevails between the people and the military. The UN also called Myanmar to remain vigilant in the year 2019 for the continuing threat of genocide.

 

 


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  • Posted on : August 18th, 2019
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