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Assignment Task :

Objective To develop a simplified radial load flow analysis program and perform a study on a low voltage distribution feeder and observe the impacts of varying real and reactive power flows, fluctuating loads, embedded solar PV generation and energy storage on the network’s performance. 

Equipment Access to computer and suitable programming tools, e.g. MATLAB, Excel/Visual Basic, C , etc. 

Background Analysis of complex meshed electricity networks requires the use of computer software such as load flow packages, especially as the process is non-linear. Modern packages are very sophisticated and offer many “what-if” study capabilities, such as load variation, reactive power and capacitor studies and first level contingency analysis. Radial feeders however can be analyzed by simpler packages. The basic radial feeder analysis technique covered in the unit lecture notes can be used as a basis for developing such a simplified radial load flow program. 

Typical low voltage (LV) radial feeders in suburban residential areas in Australia operate at 415 volts 3- phase/240 V single phase. A typical LV feeder will be 400-500 m in length and connect about 30 homes on a rotating (A-N, B-N, C-N, A-N), etc single-phase basis. This is done to achieve as close to balanced 3- phase loading on the feeder as possible. Each group of 3 single-phase loads will closely approximate a single balanced 3-phase load. For the purposes of this analysis, you can assume 10 3-phase balanced loads on the feeder, instead of 30 single-phase loads. 

The traditional power system has been designed on the basis of “top-down” load flows, from a few large centralized power stations through the HV transmission network down to the local radial LV network. LV feeder layouts have been designed to handle both peak loading in terms of feeder maximum current (in the first section) and extremity voltage drop (at the end of the feeder) and also operate within voltage constraints of +/-5% of nominal voltage under both full and light (off-peak) conditions. In recent years, the advent of affordable solar PV panels has resulted in the widespread use of roof-top solar home generation by many residential customers. In fact, Australia has one of the highest solar-PV penetration rates in the world. Whilst roof-top solar is positive for customers in terms of power bill reduction, self supply and environmental impact, it does have the potential to cause problems for the distribution grid, mainly in the middle of the day, when solar PV output peaks, but the customer load is low. This can cause “backward” (feed-in) power flow up the LV feeder potentially resulting in excessive voltage rise as well as protection issues. 

In addition, storage battery technology has progressed rapidly in recent years. The long-dreamt of promise of cheap electric energy storage may become reality in the next 5 to 10 years (refer home 

Power Systems Plan & Economics Assignment 2020 

battery solutions being offered by “Tesla” and many others). Storage offers the possibility of limiting grid feed-in and energy savings to customers by taking advantage of excess solar PV generation in the middle of the day and storing this energy to be used at night, reducing customers’ peak load usage (at expensive tariff rates). Peak reduction also offers considerable benefits to the grid owners, as grid capacity is linked directly to peak loading. A reduced peak (“peak lopping”) as a result of correctly deployed storage could defer network capital expenditure and improve energy throughput capabilities of the entire electricity grid. 

Your task will be to firstly develop a balanced, 10-node radial feeder analysis program, to simulate a typical suburban distribution network in terms of loads and feeder lengths and impedances and then perform a number of studies, covering peak and off-peak loading, impact of a fluctuating load, impact of solar-PV home generation and finally, the optimum location of battery energy storage along the feeder. 

Assignment Tasks 

1. Develop 3-Phase Radial Load-flow Program & set up Feeder Model. 

a) Develop a radial load flow program and set up a uniformly distributed load feeder model of 10 equal loads. Total feeder load = 100 kVA (3-phase), at peak, operating at 0.9 power factor lagging. Total feeder length = 500 m. The cable impedance = 0.315 +j0.365 

Distribution transformer 1 2 Power Systems Plan & Economics Assignment 2020 ohms/phase/kilometre. The peak load refers to the residential load curve at about 5 pm (refer Addendum). 

b) Run your load flow. Are current and voltage constraints being exceeded? Current constraint = 200 A/phase; voltage constraint = 415 V +/- 5%. If the supply end voltage was raised above 415 V would this solve any peak load? 

c) Now, run the load flow for light-load conditions = 30% of peak load conditions (refer to the residential load curve at about 11 am). Are voltage constraints being exceeded? Record all your feeder current (supply end) and voltage drops. If the supply volts is raised as in 1(b) are voltages too high in light-load conditions? 

d) The load at node #10 is a large induction motor and is a fluctuating load. Its starting current is 5 times its normal running load (as in part 1(b)) and starting power factor is 0.4 lagging. Re-run your load flow and determine the change in voltage drop, at both node #9 and node #10. Is the voltage drop at node #10 > 10%? Is the voltage drop at node #9 (the “common point of coupling”) > 4%? 

 

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  • Posted on : September 26th, 2018
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