Subject Code : MAS26543
Assignment Task:

Abstract  

Deriving from Aristotle’s tutelage at the feet of the great idealist Plato, realism has an important influence on education. From a common goal of supporting the development of citizens who may be successful and contribute to sustaining the civilization, idealism, pragmatism, and realism diverged in focus and methodology. Prompted by Gutenberg’s development of movable type, imperialism and colonialism, the Industrial Revolution, and modern technological advances, realism gained prominence in developing educational programs to meet new challenges. This article examines the origins and prominent philosophers in educational realism, tracing major historical events as realism developed as an influence on modern education.

The Origins and Shaping of Realism  

Realism trace its origins perhaps prior to ancient Greece, although the first prominent realist philosopher was Aristotle (384-322 BCE). The background and premise of realism are, quite simply, that learning comes from the personality and understanding of both teacher and pupil, and that facts speak for themselves. Facts prescribe the details of content, order, and points of emphasis—everything is strictly objective (Lodge, 1947).  The principle of independence is the central thread of realism. Independence refers to the concept that reality, knowledge, and value exist separately and distinctly in the human mind. This rejects the idealist view that ideas are the only true reality (Ozmon & Craver, 2008). This is not to say all realists are materialists; rather, materialism, pragmatism, humanism, and behaviourism all find some basis in realist philosophy. This section will first examine the initial shapers of realist thought, and then discuss the development of realism and associated philosophies. 

Key Occurrences leading to Development of Realism

A number of significant events over the last three millennia influenced the shaping and development of realism. Beginning with the foundational principles set forth by Aristotle, philosophers over the centuries shaped and developed realist principles, including associated philosophical disciplines, based on the progress of humankind, the needs of society, and the scientific and literary tools available. This section accounts for what this writer considers some of the more significant shapings and developing events in realist thought.

A convergence of Greek and Roman Thought  

Assimilation of Greek literature and educational philosophy began after the Roman defeat of Tarentum in 272 BCE after which educated Greek captives arrived in Rome—and other Greeks eventually came on their own accord. Among these was Livius Andronicus who, in 240 BCE, translated Homer’s Odyssey into Latin for use as a classic reader for Roman boys. Plautus (254-169 BCE) followed the lead of Andronicus and became regarded as the father of Roman literature (Eby & Arrowood, 1946). This was the beginning of classical Greek influence on Roman education.  

Concurrent with the development of Latin literature from classical Greek works, schools opened in Rome whose curricula focused on the study of literature, rhetoric and philosophy. By 150 BCE these schools were accepted as the Roman standard, and Greco-Roman schools eventually brought Rome into its golden age. The Greek organization of schools provided the Romans—and much of modern civilization—a three-tiered system, including elementary schools, grammar school (modern secondary school), and schools of rhetoric (modern higher education) (Eby & Arrowood, 1946).

 

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  • Posted on : March 14th, 2019

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