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Subject Code : M30026
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Assignment Task:

Task:

EM Simulation worksheet

1. Introduction
Simulating at high frequencies is more complex than it first meets the eye. We all know that tracks of lines turn into Ls and Cs and we can make filters, splitters etc out of a combination of different lengths and widths of these tracks. But will the produced PCB work as the simulator shows? Are there any other considerations that need to be made? Using a different simulation engine AWR allows you to investigate the Electromagnetic effects that are at play when lengths and widths are close to antenna dimensions and distances between your tracks can lead to coupling. It also predicts some extra losses that the closed form simulator that you have been using so far is not capable of predicting. What follows here is a basic activity to show you how you can analyse the layout of your circuit to predict behaviour that you may want to alter before production.

2. Getting started with EM simulation
Follow the instructions below to get the EM simulation results:
1. Create a circuit you wish to simulate in the circuit schematic. Add any measurements you are interested in.
2. In the project explorer, find and right click on your circuit schematic and select duplicate (to allow you to compare the two sets of results).
3. Give the new schematic a name with “_EM” in the title. Note this is just for identification purposes, this does not trigger the EM simulation. For that continue as below.
4. Next, click Scripts→ EM→ Create Stack-up from the main menu on the top. A pop up titled “AXIEM Setup” appears and you may click OK on it.
5. You will see that clicking OK adds two blocks automatically on your workspace. These are the “Stackup” block and the “Extract” block. Stackup defines the EM simulation and the Extract block links your schematic with the EM simulation, hence this helps with the automation needed when you make changes to the schematic to the EM structure.

 

Section 1
6. Next, edit the Extract block to values as shown above. As a rule of thumb, the smaller the “X/Y Cell_Size” parameter (above), the more accurate and longer the simulation will be. When simulating you may wish to change this to find a balance between time of simulation and accuracy of outcome. In the extract block select for STACKUP a value ”SUB 1” from the dropdown to replace “”, so it has the same name as the STACKUP block.

7. Next, select all structures in the schematic that you wish to do an EM simulation on. Use SHIFT+CLICK to select all transmission lines (leave the ports out). See green outlines for selected blocks for example.

8. With all the transmission lines selected, right click in any one (make sure they are still all selected). Go to “properties” and click. Select the “Model options” tab and check the “enable” check box. Click OK and close the pop up.
9. To check if this has worked, click on the Extract block and you should see your selected transmission lines in red as shown below. This

 

Section 1
means these are the elements that will be extracted and simulated for you when you hit analyze later.

10. Use edit and snap together to get the right layout (note you must do this in the layout for the EM structure and not in the EM structure, close any other schematic that you may still have in there, so the layout is related to the schematic with the stackup and extract blocks).

11. Next, you must add extraction to an EM structure. Right click on the extract block and select “add extraction” and click “EM structures” in the project browser on the left. You should now see the ports added to your layout ready for simulation. Notice there may be some warning in the status window of the simulator (bottom of the screen). We need to address these next (else skip to step 14). .

12. Next, select the “stack-up” block and right click to select its “properties”. In the “EM layer mapping” tab, add “Cu” for copper (this was not there before) in the “material” column and for the row that says copper. Click ok to close this option.

 

Section 1
13. Now that you have added the missing copper, you should click add extraction one more time. Right click extraction block to do so.
14. Once your EM structure has the ports you can simulate it as any schematic with ports. You should add a new graph and select the right “Data source” i.e. “<circuit>_EM” from the drop down on the top right of the pop up that appears, before adding the S11 and S21 or any other parameters you are interested in. Make other necessary selections that you are used to by now and click apply for each measurement you want.

15. All that remains now is to simulate your EM structure and make corrections to your layout dimensions to get a good response before you can print your circuit. You can check this by adding the schematic response to the EM graph for comparison by using the “add measurement” option. This may require you to space your lines more than 3 times the width of the lines involved or increase/decrease the length of line to alter the frequencies where guide wavelength calculations are involved or other measures as required by the circuit. It is not possible for me to list everything here, so do some and see me if you need further help on this.

 

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  • Posted on : January 22nd, 2019
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